The increase of the number of users from year to year and their growing demand in term of capacity and services has made the emergence of new technologies. Fifth generation (5G) currently is designed for this purpose and even the next generation, 6G. The technique of M-MIMO, for massive multiple inputs multiple outputs, has emerged to increase the number of users by a hundred times compared to a conventional MIMO system in the same cell. We propose in this article a new method which is the hybridization of two algorithms, the minimum mean square error (MMSE) and the least mean squares (LMS), applied to a uniform and rectangular array (URA) for 3-dimensional (3D) beamforming, to then determine the direction of arrival (DOA) of the desired signals in an environment where users are sometimes fixed and sometimes they move at very high speed. This 2D hybridization is designed from a new simple method that we called ''Signal Matrix Projection Method (SMPM)''. The main contribution of this hybridization with the new method is a very clear improvement of the speed of convergence compared to other recent papers we used for comparison and a very high accuracy in the presence of interferers.

This paper discusses the comprehensive design, fabrication, and measurement of a rectangular nested fractal antenna specifically engineered for multiband applications across various communication systems. The antenna, with compact overall dimensions of 40×50×0.8 mm³, is constructed using FR4 glass epoxy, a widely adopted dielectric material known for its relative permittivity of 4.7 and a low loss tangent of 0.0197. The design successfully demonstrates seven distinct resonant frequency bands at 1.99, 3.68, 4.91, 6.11, 7.60, 8.06, and 9.39 GHz. Each of these frequency bands is characterized by corresponding bandwidths of 90, 80, 90, 100, 70, 22, and 210 MHz, respectively. Additionally, the antenna achieves notable gains of 0.88, 2.18, 18.86, 8.89, 13.22, 12.24, and 4.01 dBi across these bands. Extensive laboratory testing of the fabricated prototype revealed a strong correlation between the simulated and experimental results, confirming the accuracy and reliability of the design process. The antenna's performance metrics make it an excellent candidate for integration into a wide range of applications, including mobile communications, Wi-Fi, 5G networks, satellite communications, radar systems, and microwave communications.

The Y-shaped radiating patch introduces a novel geometry optimized for ultra wideband (UWB) applications, which can potentially enhance the bandwidth. The integration of DGS enhances the antenna performance by improving impedance matching and bandwidth, allowing the antenna to radiate effectively across a wide frequency range. Accordingly, Y- shaped Micro strip Patch antenna (MSPA) is designed with a dimensional size of the antenna of 28×32×1.6 (L×W×H). A Radiating patch is deposited on FR4 substrate. The patch is excited with the line feed approach, and the DGS (Defective Ground Structure) technique is applied to it. Antenna is designed to fit to operate in ultra-wide band applications. With precise impedance matching, the antenna is radiating at 14.22 GHz frequency. The antenna performance is analyzed with return losses (S11), VSWR, Peak Gain, bandwidth, current, electric field distributions and radiation patterns. The close agreement between simulated and laboratory-tested results validates the design methodology and performance of the antenna, highlighting its practical applicability. The center frequency of the antenna is 9.5 GHz. The highest radiating frequency is 15.19 GHz and the lowest radiating frequency is 5.03 GHz. The antenna is effectively radiating in the wide band region, i.e., (15.19 GHz - 5.03 GHz). The maximum peak gain of 9.42 dB is observed when it is radiated at 5.71 GHz. These results show that the performance of the proposed Y-shaped MSPA is a good choice for ultra-wideband applications. Because of size miniaturization, the developed antenna is best fit for surface mount applications. 

This study presents a novel design and performance analysis of a 4-channel, 30 Gbps Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) transmission system over a 70 km optical fiber link, comparing the capabilities of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) and Raman amplifier, this work uniquely focuses on higher bit rates, providing insights into amplifier behavior under these specific conditions. Key performance metrics, including Bit Error Rate (BER), Quality Factor (Q-factor), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), were evaluated through simulation. Results demonstrate that EDFA outperforms the Raman amplifier, delivering a lower BER and a higher Q-factor. The previous studies, the amplifier configuration is optimized to minimize noise and improve signal integrity at higher data rates. The novelty of this research lies in the strategic integration of EDFA and Raman amplifiers, enabling an improved trade-off between gain, noise figure, and system reach. Compared to existing WDM-PON designs, the proposed system achieves lower BER and higher optical signal quality over extended fiber distances. These enhancements provide a more efficient and robust solution for high-speed, long-reach optical networks.